Concerning the program for planetary atmospheric research

Planetary atmospheric research problems of models, numerical analysis, technology, and coordinatio

Some Results from Studies on Relationships Between the Optical-meteorological Parameters and Solar Activity. Part 2: Development of the Problem of Solar Forcing

A set of complex spectral, actinometric and meteorological data obtained in the periods of heightened solar activity (1981 and 1988) has been considered in order to reveal the atmospheric component affected by solar emissions in the troposphere and lower stratosphere. For the first time, it has been found out that water vapor molecules can be transformed, under the impact of corpuscular and microwave solar emissions, from the free state to the bound one (association into clusters), and vice versa. The transition of water vapor molecules into the bound state results in a decrease of spectral optical thickness in the visible, near IR and IR spectral regions, and an appearance and deepening of the cluster absorption bands at wavelengths 330 to 340, 365, 380 to 390, and 480 nm

Soyuz 22: New contribution to earth study from space

The mission of space flight Soyuz-22 was to develop new and improved methods and means for finding tthe Earth's natural resources from outer space to aid the economy. With the help of the new multispectral space camera, MKF-6, the cosmonauts were able to photograph selected areas of U.S.S.R. and the German Democratic Republic in 4 visible and 2 infrared regions of the spectrum. The MKF-6 can simultaneously photograph areas in 6 spectral regions and register both the natural electromagnetic radiation of surface objects and the solar radiation reflected by them

The effect of hypodynamia on mineral and protein metabolism in calcified tissues of the maxillodental system (experimental radioisotope study)

Mineral and protein metabolism was studied in experiments on 60 white rats, using P-32 and Ca-45 uptake in the mineral fractions, 2C-14-glycine in the protein fractions, and P-32 in both fractions of calcified tissues as indices over a 100 day period of experimental hypodynamia. Combined alterations in mineral and protein metabolism occurred in the calcified tissues of the experimental animals. The most pronounced changes were found in P-32 and 2C-14-glycine metabolism. In the incisors and femoral bones, these alterations occurred in two phases: P-32 and 2C-14-glycine uptake first increased, then decreased. Changes in Ca-45 metabolism were less pronounced, particularly in the initial period of the experiment. A marked reduction in P-32, Ca-45, and 2C-14-glycine uptake was found in various fractions of the calcified tissues on the 100th day of experimental hypodynamia

On some question of electromagnetic waves diffraction on plasma formations

Electromagnetic wave propagation and diffraction in plasma

Логика для суждений об ошибках в циклах над последовательностями данных (IFIL)

Classic deductive verification is not focused on reasoning about program incorrectness. Reasoning about program incorrectness using formal methods is an important problem nowadays. Special logics such as Incorrectness Logic, Adversarial Logic, Local Completeness Logic, Exact Separation Logic and Outcome Logic have recently been proposed to address it. However, these logics have two disadvantages. One is that they are based on under-approximation approaches, while classic deductive verification is based on the over-approximation approach. One the other hand, the use of the classic approach requires defining loop invariants in a general case. The second disadvantage is that the use of generalized inference rules from these logics results in having to prove too complex formulas in simple cases. Our contribution is a new logic for solving these problems in the case of loops over data sequences. These loops are referred to as finite iterations. We call the proposed logic the Incorrectness Finite Iteration Logic (IFIL). We avoid defining invariants of finite iterations using a symbolic replacement of these loops with recursive functions. Our logic is based on special inference rules for finite iterations. These rules allow generating formulas with recursive functions corresponding to finite iterations. The validity of these formulas may indicate the presence of bugs in the finite iterations. This logic has been implemented in a new version of the C-lightVer system for deductive verification of C programs.Классическая дедуктивная верификация не ориентирована на доказательство некорректности программ. Доказательство некорректности программ с помощью формальных методов является актуальной задачей в настоящее время. Специальные логики, такие как Incorrectness Logic, Adversarial Logic, Local Completeness Logic, Exact Separation Logic и Outcome Logic, были недавно предложены для решения данной задачи. Но у данных логик имеется два недостатка. Во-первых, в данных логиках используются подходы, основанные на нижней аппроксимации, тогда как в классической дедуктивной верификации используется подход, основанный на верхней аппроксимации. С другой стороны, использование классического подхода требует в общем случае задания инвариантов циклов. Во-вторых, использование правил вывода для программных конструкций в их самом общем виде приводит к необходимости доказательства сложных формул в простых ситуациях. Нашим результатом, представленным в данной статье, является новая логика для решения данных проблем в случае циклов над последовательностями данных. Такая циклы мы называем финитными итерациями. Предложенную логику мы называем логикой для суждений о некорректности финитных итераций (IFIL). Мы избегаем задания инвариантов финитных итераций с помощью символической замены в условиях корректности переменных таких циклов применениями рекурсивных функций. Наша логика основана на специальных правилах вывода для финитных итераций. Эти правила позволяют выводить формулы с применениями рекурсивных функций, соответствующих финитным итерациям. Истинность этих формул может означать наличие ошибок в финитных итерациях. Данная логика была реализована в новой версии программной системы C-lightVer для дедуктивной верификации программ на языке C

Further about impact of solar activity on geospheres

Twenty-five years high-mountainous researches on solar-weather effects have given a number of direct proofs of the occurrence of weather meteoelements abnormal responses (in scale hours-days-week) on the passage in the central area of the solar disk by separate large sunspots and powerful groups of spots. The brightest shows were marked by us in October 1981 and in the last decade of October 2003. Certainly, the most grandiose effect was registered in March 1920 at the Calama station of the Smithonian Astrophysical Observatory (ΔS0 ≈ 5%). The analysis of the data set unambiguously has specified the presence of a special kind of radiation in the solar emissions—spirally vortical radiation (SVR), having a forcible pulse and powerful angular moment. In our opinion spirally vortical radiation is generated in the nu cleu s of the Su n with a speed of 104 quantums/s and leaves the photosphere through magnetic structures with a speed ∼ 8–9 · 103 km/s. In the paper we discuss the effects of the direct interaction of spirally vortical radiation with different kinds of terrestrial environments, including the biosphere. It is supposed that SVR in the Universe can play a role of dark energy, as it is radiated by each star and has a pulse

Impact of solar activity on structure components of the Earth. I. Meteorological conditions

The mountain observations (Northern Caucasus) carried out during solar activity (SA) cycles 21, 22, and 23 testify to substantial SA impacts on radiative, optical, microphysical and meteorological parameters of the troposphere. Due to disturbances imposed on natural variations of meteorological parameters and changes of the microphysical state of the ensemble of water vapor molecules, distinct disturbances of the synoptic period lengths have been observed. Apparent responses of the atmosphere to activated processes on the Sun in October 1989, April 2002 and October 2003 confirm the existence of contributions to atmospheric perturbations of flare fluxes of protons (SCR) and fluxes of recently identified spiral-vortex radiation (SVR) outgoing via photospheric magnetic structures of various scales. With the 20 October 1989 event as an example, contributions of the flare flux of protons and the spiral-vortex radiation to dynamic processes in the lower troposphere have been illustrated. A conclusion has been drawn about similar level but different directions of their impacts on the degree of water vapour molecules association in the atmosphere. Destructive forcings of the focused SVR and its various manifestations on the dark side of the Earth (and, apparently, of the Moon) have been mentioned

Mechanisms of water-salt metabolism disturbances in dogs subjected to six month hypokinesia

Water-salt metabolism in dogs during prolonged restricted motor activity (hypokinesia) was investigated. It was found that hydration occurred and fluid was redistributed between the extra- and intra-cellular sectors. Also, electrolyte excretion rose, and magnetism and calcium metabolism changed significantly. It is concluded that the forces caused by muscle strain proper (which was decreased under conditions of hypokinesia) influence the state of bone metabolism